Titanium alloys possess several characteristics, including low hardness, high strength, excellent corrosion resistance, high heat resistance, and lightweight properties. These attributes make titanium alloys unsuitable for applications requiring high hardness, such as edge materials.
1. High Strength:
Titanium alloy has a density of around 4.5g/cm3, which is only 60% of steel. Despite its low density, the strength of pure titanium is comparable to ordinary steel, and some high-strength titanium alloys even surpass the strength of many alloy structural steels. As a result, titanium alloys exhibit a high specific strength (strength/density), making them ideal for producing lightweight components with high unit strength, rigidity, and strength. Aircraft engine components, skeletons, skins, fasteners, and landing gear often utilize titanium alloys.
2. High Thermal Strength:
Titanium alloys can withstand higher temperatures than aluminum alloys. They can maintain their required strength even in medium temperatures and exhibit superior strength between 150℃ and 500℃, whereas aluminum alloys experience a significant drop in strength at 150℃. Titanium alloys can operate at temperatures up to 500℃, whereas aluminum alloys are limited to temperatures below 200℃.
3. Good Corrosion Resistance:
Titanium alloys outperform stainless steel in humid atmospheres and seawater. They exhibit excellent resistance to pitting, acid corrosion, and stress corrosion. Titanium alloys also display remarkable corrosion resistance to alkalis, chlorides, chlorine organic substances, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid, among others. However, titanium's resistance to corrosion in reducing environments and chromium salt media is poor.
4. Good Low-Temperature Performance:
Titanium alloys maintain their mechanical properties in low and ultra-low temperature conditions. Certain titanium alloys, such as TA7, retain a degree of plasticity even at -253℃. Therefore, titanium alloys are essential materials for low-temperature applications.
5. Chemical Activity:
Titanium exhibits high chemical activity and readily reacts with atmospheric gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ammonia. Higher carbon contents in titanium alloys can form hard titanium carbide (TiC). Titanium also reacts with nitrogen to form a hard surface layer of titanium nitride (TiN) at elevated temperatures. At temperatures above 600℃, titanium absorbs oxygen to form a hardened layer with high hardness. Absorption of gases can result in a brittle surface layer. Titanium also has a significant chemical affinity, leading to adhesion phenomena on friction surfaces.
6. Low Thermal Conductivity and Modulus of Elasticity:
The thermal conductivity of titanium is lower compared to nickel, iron, and aluminum. Titanium alloy products have approximately 1/4 the thermal conductivity of nickel, 1/5 that of iron, and 1/14 that of aluminum. The thermal conductivity of various titanium alloys is about 50% lower than that of pure titanium. The modulus of elasticity of titanium alloys is approximately half that of steel, resulting in lower rigidity and increased susceptibility to deformation. This makes titanium alloys less suitable for slender rods, thin-walled parts, and cutting processes, as they exhibit significant surface rebound, leading to friction, adhesion, and bonding wear on tool surfaces.
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